The framework presented in this document attempts to systematically capture and assess in largely non-monetary yet practicable terms the CES rendered by sacred natural sites and landscapes in the KSL. The framework was developed through a literature review and fieldwork in the Indian and Nepalese parts of the KSL. The framework will be of interest to social scientists, conservation practitioners, tourism practitioners, development practitioners, heritage-related institutions and businesses, and local NGOs that work to incentivize local communities to continue and strengthen their traditions of nature conservation for engendering sustainable local livelihoods and conservation strategies in the context globalization, migration, and climate change adaptation and mitigation.