UKham ngesinye sezifunda ezihlukaniswa kakhulu eziphilayo emhlabeni. Itholakala phakathi kwethafa lomfula iQinghai-Tibetan kanye nezifundazwe zaseChina iSichuan neYunnan, okubandakanya ingxenye yezifunda ezintathu ze-'Cultural Tibet '. Abagcini bokwehlukahlukana kwesiko le-bio e-Kham babona amasiko amathathu wezindawo ezingcwele zemvelo, noma okuvikelwe ngokwesiko. Ababili bangamaBuddha waseTibetan futhi bahlanganisa izintaba gnas ri futhi izigodi sbas yul. Isiko lesithathu libonakaliswa ngabakholelwa ngaphambi 'kwamaBuddha' ama-cult ntaba ayazivikela r-r ukufakwa okubandakanya noma ukubala ngobunkulunkuluyul-lha nobuntu bomuntu. I yul-lha ungumnikazi wemithombo ye-biophysical futhi ukubiyela kufakwa ngokulondolozwa kwemvelo okucacile. Iziza ezingcwele ezinjalo kungaba amahlathi angenamuntu, izinkamba zesiko ama-btsas, ukubanjwa kwamanzi okuhlukahlukene ri rgya klung phakathi kwabanye.
Ama-shamans nabapristi bavame ukwazi ngemithi, izitshalo nezilwane futhi zibamba iqhaza elibalulekile ekuxoxweni kwezindaba zemvelo nasekulamuleni kwe-topocosmic. Izinhlaka zenkolo ezakha impilo yomdabu zisuselwa ekuhlonipheni imithombo yempilo yokomoya, ukudla, izingubo nendawo yokukhosela enikezwa yimvelo. Lokhu kufaka umuzwa wokubonga emandleni omoya endalweni nasendalweni. Amakhalenda wesiko asuselwa ezintweni zemvelo ezinjengezinyoni ezifudukayo, ukuqhakaza kwezitshalo ezithile noma ukunyakaza kwamaplanethi. Kubonakala kunamasiko aqinile wokunakekelwa kwemithombo yezemvelo phakathi kwamazwe amancane okuthi nawo afakwe ezilimini zawo ezihlukile.
Izindawo zemvelo ezingcwele ezinobuntu nezamaShamanistic zisengozini.
Izindawo zemvelo ezingcwele zaseTibetan Buddhist ziyasongelwa.
Izindawo zama-animistic nezamaShamanistic zisengozini futhi nezindawo zamaBuddha waseTibetan zisongelwa njengethonya langaphandle njengokugawulwa kwemithi nokwakhiwa kabusha yiHan Chinese. Le misebenzi iholele ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, ukuguguleka kwenhlekelele neqhwa kanye nokuncipha kokuhlukahluka kwezitshalo nezilwane nemithelela ekusindeni kwamasiko endabuko. Izinselele zokunqoba zifaka:
- Umbono ophambanayo kwezomnotho ugxile kumanani wokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kanye ne-elitism yamasiko esayensi yasentshonalanga okuholela ekuhlelweni okuyisisekelo nenqubomgomo,
- I-Cultural Assimilation kanye nokuhlala phansi kwama-nomads aphoqelelwa ngumbutho omusha wokuvalelwa endaweni (isb. ukubiyela indawo engokomlando yedlelo),
- Ukusetshenziswa kwe-ajenda yokuthuthukisa enganaki ukungalingani ebudlelwaneni bamandla,
- Ukudideka kwe "zobulwane" futhi "Ubuddha waseTibetan" isipiliyoni sendawo engcwele nendawo.
Ukuqinisekisa amasayithi wemvelo angcwele kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwamasiko e-Kham ngokuqala a "imephu yesiko" okwengezwe ukuqashwa kwe "ababhulokhi bolwazi".
Conservation Amathuluzi
Imephu yesiko (noma i-GIS ebambe iqhaza) ihlose ukuqinisa ukwahlukahlukana kwamasiko e-bio-esetshenziswa ezahlukene izindlela zokucwaninga namathuluzi ukuze "imephu" faka amasiko abantu ahlukile futhi angaphatheki amasiko nezifiso ngaphakathi kwezindawo zasendaweni. Okubaluleke kakhulu kufanele kunikezwe kumephu ebekwe uphawu noma evikelwe ri-rgya izindawo ezihlotshaniswa yul-lha.
Abathengi bolwazi bayadingeka ukufezekisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinkambiso nezinkolelo zokunakekela umhlaba wasekhaya kanye nezohulumeni kanye nabanye ababambe iqhaza. . Abathengisi bolwazi bakhulisa inhlalonhle yabantu bomdabu kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwamasiko abo ngokuletha ukubukwa okuningi komhlaba kanye nezinhlaka eziningi ndawonye ngezinkinga noma izifiso “zamaklayenti” abo abomdabu. Impumelelo yale ndlela incike entandweni yombuso wezepolitiki.
I-cairn la-btsas enezithombe e-Kuluke ijwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlonipha imimoya yendawo-yul-lha futhi etholakala ngaphakathi kocingo oluvikelwe ngokwesiko i-ri-rgya. Igcwele amafulegi omthandazo abonisa amahhashi omoya rlung-rta. Ihhashi lomoya liyisiqalo se-bla noma umphefumulo kanye nesibonakaliso senhlala-kahle.
(Photo: J. Studley, 2002)
Policy and Law
Ukuvikelwa kwezindawo ezingcwele zemvelo kusisekelo se-Tibetan eco-kiroho ethics futhi kungenakho okusemthethweni, isimo noma isimo samazwe omhlaba noma ukuqashelwa. Ngenkathi izindlela zikaTibetan Buddhist zokuhlangenwe nakho (nezwe elingcwele) ukujabulela ukwamukelwa okuthile, ngombuso, ngaphansi kwe-aegis yeBuddha, izindlela ezinobuntu (nezwe elingcwele) zifanekiselwa emasikweni adumileyo ezinkolelo-ze futhi kamuva zibekwa engcupheni.
Ezimweni, amasayithi angcwele izinyoni zasekhaya ezingavamile kufaka phakathi, I-Chinese Hazel Grouse ne-Golden Eagle engena ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kombuso wesigaba sokuqala nabanye abangena ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kombuso kwesigaba sesibili.
Coalition
Njengamanje akukho ukubumbana okusemthethweni ukuvikela izindawo ezingcwele zemvelo zaseKham kodwa kunentshisekelo evela kubantu ngabanye kanye nezinhlangano ekwakheni ukuhlelwa kwamamephu amasiko. I-Conservation International isiqalile a "Izindawo Ezingcwele ZaseTibetan" iphrojekthi. Bakhombe 130 amahektha ayisigidi ngaphakathi kweCultural Tibet futhi 2000 amasayithi eGanzi Prefecture akha izindawo zokuphila ezingcwele noma ezingamaTibetan Buddhist.
Abantu abaningi kanye nezinhlangano zizwakalise intshisekelo ngephrojekthi yokuhlola imephu ye-Cultural Miking ukuthola nokubeka ezingeni lokuma kwezwe elingcwele kanye nokuthola ulwazi lwendabuko oludingekayo ekuzinzisekeni kwabo ngokwezamasiko. Iphrojekthi le izokuba yisibonelo futhi ingaphindwa ngaphesheya kweKham naseTibet. Kuze kube manje ucwaningo lokuqonda (Studley 2005, 2010) phakathi kwabantu base-Eastern Kham bakhombe izitayela ezibanzi namaphethini wokunakekelwa komhlaba namagugu ehlathi anele ngokwenqubo ethile yokulondolozwa. Lokhu kufanele kukwengezwe ngumuntu oqondiswa endaweni "imephu yesiko" iphrojekthi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwe "ababhulokhi bolwazi".
Izinhlangano eziningi kanye nabantu abasebenze esifundeni phakathi kweYaangang County Forestry Bureau kanye neConservation International ukusekela indlu yezindela yasePhag Mo Gling ngenxa yokuvikelwa okusebenzayo kwezilwane zasendle, waklonyeliswa nge-Prize of Ecology Conservation of Ganzi Tibetan Prefecture in 2005. Ukutholakala kwebalazwe kwamanani wokunakekelwa komhlaba namahlathi eKham kunikeze inkundla (phakathi kwezinye izinto):
- Qondisisa umbono wemvelo yemiphakathi ethile yasendaweni ngaphandle kokuyekethisa amasistimu endawo nawamasiko endawo, ubudlelwano bobulili noma inhlala-kahle,
- Khomba izindawo ezichazwe kahle lapho amanani wamahlathi afana ngokwanele ukuze aqinisekise indlela ethile yokulondolozwa,
- Khomba lapho ushintsho ekunakekelweni komhlaba kanye nakumanani amahlathi kuhlangana khona nezinguquko ezimweni eziyisisekelo sezinto eziphilayo noma zezomnotho (isb. umnotho wezimakethe).
"Uma sinakekela ihlathi lendawo nezilwane jo jo bo [igama likathixo wabavikeli bendawo] uzojabula futhi asibusise kanye nomphakathi wethu. Uma kungenjalo, uzothukuthela futhi izilimo zethu zihluleke, imfuyo yethu izokufa futhi sihlupheke".
- Umlimi waseKhampa onobuhle ovela e-Honsa.
"Ngesikhathi se-Cultural Revolution (1966 - 1976) Amathempeli amahlathi acekelwa phansi futhi abapristi bendawo nosharaman bashushiswa. Kamuva, ngeminyaka yama-1970 kanye no-1980 amahlathi acinyelwa kucace izilinganiso zikahulumeni futhi sesilahlekelwe ngumqondo wethu wokuzibekelela ihlathi"
- Umdala kaPumi ovela kuLugu.
"Uma sinakekela ihlathi lendawo kanye nezilwane kuzonikeza indawo ekahle 'yokuhlonipha izinhlonipho zethu ku-Buddha'".
- Owesifazane waseTibetan Buddhist Khampa ovela e-Honsa.
- I-Conservation International isiqalile a "Izindawo Ezingcwele ZaseTibetan" iphrojekthi: Vakashela Iwebhusayithi.
- IBlondeau, A.-M. & Steinkellner, E. 1998, Izinhlobo Zezintaba zaseTibetan: Izinkolelo Zabo Nezethulo: Amaphepha wethulwa Esehlakalweni Se-7 Seminar ye-International Association for Tibetan Study - IGrey 1995, Umshicileli we-Austrian Academy of Science, I-Wien.
- Huber, T. 1999, Inkolo ye-Pure Crystal Mountain: Ukuhamba ngezinyawo okudumile kanye neMbono Wendawo ebonakalayo eSoutheast Tibet, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Huber, T. 2004, 'Ukulawulwa Kwendawo yonke nge "Ukubekwa uphawu" (rgya sdom-pa): Isenzo Senkolo Yezombusazwe ETibet ', I-ZAS, vol. 33, kk. 127-152.
- Poole, P. 2003, Imephu Yamasiko Nabantu Bomdabu. Umbiko we-UNESCO.
- Sillitoe, P. (2002) 'Globalise knowledge native'. In: Sillitoe, P., Bicker, A. noPottier, J. (Eds.) Ukubamba iqhaza Kwezentuthuko: Izindlela eziya olwazini lwendabuko. Routledge, ILondon neNew York.
- J. Studley 2010, Ukuambula Amanani angaphatheki we-Earth Care: Kusetshenziswe ukuqonda ukwambula izizinda ze-eco -okomoya namagugu angcwele abantu base-Eastern Kham eVerschuuren B, Isilo R, UMcNeely JA no-Oviedo G (Eds) "Sacred Amasayithi Natural : Ukulondoloza Nature Namasiko”Iskena Somhlaba, ILondon pp 107-118.
- J Studley 2010, Amasistimu oLwazi weSustainable ne-Resource Stewardship: Sifuna izindlela ezithinta amahlathi zokuziphatha zamahlathi omdabu wase-Eastern Kham, Ukushicilelwa kweLambert Academic, Saarbrucken, Germany.
- J. Studley 2007 Ukuzwa I-Drummer Ehlukile: Iparadigm entsha ye "abagcini behlathi", IIED, London.
- J Studley 2005 Izinhlelo zolwazi ezingagcinwa kanye nokuphathwa kwezinsiza: Sifuna izindlela zokuziphatha zokuhlathini zama-ethno-Forestry kubantu bomdabu basempumalanga yeKham, PhD Thesis, Loughborough University.
- J. Studley et al 2005 Ukwahlulela Amahlathi Amahlathi kanye “nokulahleka kwamasiko” Kwezitshalo Zomphakathi Nokulondolozwa Kwemvelo Ihlathi, Izihlahla nezindlela zokuziphilisa, 16 (4) kk 329-358.
- J. I-Studley 2002b, Ukulondolozwa kwemvelo njengoba kuchazwe ngokubona kwendawo, ubunikazi nolwazi esifundeni sezintaba saseHengdu saseChina, I-TNC, Arlington.
- Isikhungo Sokuphilayo Nezinto Zomdabu. Vakashela Iwebhusayithi.
- Mt. Kawagebo futhi umbuthano walo pilgrim, Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Vakashela Iwebhusayithi.
- I-Yang Fuquan kanye ne-Dongba Research Institute.
- Kham Sacred Lands Project: ukubhekana nokwehlukahlukana kwamasiko ezinto ezivikelekile zamasiko kaKham. Uma ufuna ukwazi okuningi noma unesifiso sokubamba iqhaza kokuxhumana: khamslp@gmail.com
