Lesi yi-Article efakiwe ye- Incwajana Yezindaba Engcwele Yezindawo Zokucwaninga Mashi 2019 Inkinga.
nguJonathan Liljeblad
Ukunyuka kwamalungelo omdabu
Ukuqala engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu lama-20 kuya phambili 21 st , umzamo womhlaba wonke uqoqe umfutho ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokubona nokubhekana nomqondo wamalungelo aboMdabu. Abantu bomdabu bakhona emhlabeni wonke futhi ukuba khona kwabo kwandulela uhlelo lwamanje lwamazwe ezizwe. Isizwe ngasinye sizwe silandele indlela yaso maqondana namasiko aboMdabu, ukwehluka ngezinga phakathi kwezenzo ezithatha ububanzi kusuka ekubuyisaneni nokuvumelana kuya ekucindezelweni nasekuqothulweni okuqondile. Igunya lapho amazwe-amazwe asebenzelana nabomdabu
Abantu baboshelwe emlandweni wemibuso yase-Europe lapho 1648 Ukuthula kwaseWestphalia kwakha umhlaba wonke
uhlelo olususelwa kwizizwe ezibambe ubukhosi, lapho izwe lesizwe liphethe ukulawula okukhethekile
bonke abantu, insimu, nezinsizakusebenza ezingaphakathi kwemingcele yayo.
takayna izwe, lutuwitra (Tasmania) Australia. Umthombo: Jennifer Adams
Ubukhulu bomqondo wobukhosi bezwe nohulumeni busebenzise ukususa impucuko Yabomdabu ku-
ukuhleleka komhlaba wonke futhi kwabathobela amandla okungewona awomdabu, okokuqala kusuka ekuphathweni kwamakoloni bese kuba njalo
kamuva ohulumeni bezwe. Emashumini ambalwa edlule, Nokho, isingathe iminyakazo eyahlukene ukuze iguguleke
isimo sombuso wobuzwe. Ukuguguleka okunjalo kuvela kokubili kusuka phezulu, ngomqondo we
ukukhula okukhulayo kwenani lezikhungo zamazwe omhlaba kanye nezivumelwano zomhlaba ezaletha
izifundazwe phakathi kwemithetho yenqwaba yemibuso yamazwe omhlaba ehlanganisa udaba oluningi
izindawo, nangaphansi, ngomqondo wokunyakaza okungekho ngaphansi kombuso kanye nokuxhumana nabantu okusebenzayo
Okwezwe lonke ukuqhubekisela phambili izimbangela ezithile ezilwa nezizwe. Phakathi kwezindawo zokukhishwa nezimbangela
bekulokhu kukhulunywa ngabantu boMdabu.
Iningi lamazwe abhekelele abomdabu ligxile embuzweni wamalungelo aboMdabu. Okuphawuleka kakhulu kwakuwumsebenzi weNhlangano Yezizwe (A) izikhungo ezinjengamalungelo esintu
Umkhandlu (I-HRC), Ihhovisi likaKhomishani Ophakeme Wamalungelo Abantu (OHCHR), kanye neQembu Elisebenzayo Labantu Bomdabu (I-WGIP). Imizamo yabo iholele ekusungulweni kweSithangami Saphakade se-UN ngomhlaka
Izinkinga Zomdabu (I-PFII) kanye nokuchazwa kwamalungelo aboMdabu emthethweni wamazwe omhlaba, Kokubili ngokusebenzisa ekhona
izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu ezinjengeSivumelwano Samazwe Ngamazwe Sezomnotho, Komphakathi, kanye Namalungelo Amasiko (ICESCR)
noma izinsimbi zamalungelo aboMdabu ezinikezelwe njenge-International Labour Organisation (I LO) Umhlangano
Mayelana Nabantu Bomdabu Nabesizwe (Azikho. 169) noma Isimemezelo se-UN Samalungelo Abomdabu
Abantu (DRIP). Ngokuhambisanayo nemizamo ebanzi yomhlaba wonke ibe yimisebenzi eqondene nodaba oluthile efana
uhlelo lwamaGugu Omhlaba, ezinhlangano zayo zokweluleka — i-International Center for Study of Preservation
kanye nokubuyiselwa kwempahla yamasiko (ICCROM), Umkhandlu Wamazwe Omhlaba Wezikhumbuzo Namasayithi
(ICOMOS), kanye ne-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)—Ukhiphe imihlahlandlela yokuthi
ukugqugquzela ubukhona nokusetshenziswa kwamalungelo aboMdabu kumasiko namagugu emvelo.
Izinkinga Ezingaba khona Emalungelweni Omdabu
Umkhosi we-Wixáritari peyote. Isithombe sithathiwe se-Wixáritari People ngu-Anaid Velsaco
Umsebenzi omningi wamalungelo aboMdabu uqhutshwa yisifiso sokuxazulula amagalelo omonakalo owenziwa phambilini emiphakathini Yomdabu ngaphansi kohlelo lwaseWestphalian. Ngenkathi kudunyiswa, namanje ayanele. Uma inhloso engaphandle isisombululo sesikhathi esedlule, lapho-ke akwanele ukusebenzisa uhlelo olususelwa kumalungelo. Ngaphandle kwemingcele yohlelo olusekelwe kumalungelo, kunesikhala esikhudlwana semibono yomhlaba ebanzi esukela kumanani ahlukile, okuhlangenwe nakho okuyingqayizivele, nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokucabanga. Izimo ezinjalo zibalulekile ngoba ziqondisa izinqumo zabantu abahlukahlukene mayelana nokuthi bayiqonda kanjani impilo nokuthi bafuna ini kuyo. Ngamafuphi, bachaza ukuthi kungani abantu bekukholelwa abakukholelwayo nokuthi kungani benza abakwenzayo. Ngakho, zinikeza ukuqonda okuthile ngenhloso, hhayi nje maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwamalungelo kepha nangendlela yokuphila okumele amalungelo avikelwe.
Umsebenzi wohlelo olusekelwe kumalungelo kuletha ubungozi bengxabano ngokuthi umuntu ohlukumezekile athi unelungelo
noma ukumisa ubudlova obucatshangelwayo obuvela kwelinye iqembu noma ukuphoqa isenzo esithile sokuzijabulisa kusuka
elinye iqembu, isikisela isenzo ngesimo sokuphikisana. Ingozi yezingxabano iqhubekisela phambili kuphela umlando oyingozi wesikhathi esedlule, obekufaka amandla ombuso bese kuthi kamuva ohulumeni bezwe bangene
ubudlelwane obuphikisanayo nabantu Bomdabu. Isisusa sokuxazulula umlando wasendulo
kubiza umsebenzi ukuvimbela noma ukunciphisa izingxabano esikhundleni sokuziqinisa noma ukuzikhuthaza. Ngenxa yalokho, kuyadingeka ukuthi kusetshenzwe emazingeni ajulile ukuletha imibono engeyona eyeNdabuko kanye neyomdabu ndawonye.
Ukuthola Ukulungiswa Okukhulu
Kunezibonelo zezinhlobo ezinjalo zomsebenzi owenziwayo. Ezingxenyeni zezinkinga zamasiko nezemvelo, a
inqwaba yabalingisi basebenzela ukwakha ubudlelwano phakathi kwezindlela ezingezona ezomdabu nezomdabu
ukwenza lula izinhlelo zokuphatha kumasayithi athwala ukubaluleka kwamasiko nezemvelo endaweni,
kazwelonke, namazinga omhlaba. Inothi elithile, uhlelo lwamaGugu Omhlaba selufuna ukuthuthukisa
ukubamba iqhaza kwabadlali bomdabu ekuthathweni kwezinqumo maqondana namasiko nemvelo
ihlotshaniswa nabantu Bomdabu, imigomo yokucacisa njengokuzinqumela, mahhala ngaphambili
imvume enolwazi (FPIC), nokuphathwa ngokulinganayo ezinhlelweni zokubusa.
Nalapha futhi, Nokho, kufanele kuqashelwe. Uma zizosebenza ngempumelelo ekuxazululeni umlando wasendulo, le mizamo engenhla kumele isebenze ukukhulisa ubudlelwano nenhlangano yezenhlalakahle-okuwukuthi, ubudlelwano obunengqondo obufaka ukwethembana, ukuxhumana, nokujwayela. Lokhu akusho ukuthi kukhona ukuvumelana ngaso sonke isikhathi, kepha kunalokho kunikeze isisekelo sokuthola imiphumela evumelana ngokunye noma ngenye indlela, okungenani, indlela yokuthola ukuhlala ngokuthula. Ukwakha ubudlelwano obuzinzile kudinga imizamo yokuhlanganisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene enkulumweni, njengokukhuthaza amazwi aboMdabu ukuba ezwakale kanye namazwi okungewona awomdabu futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, ukulalela imibono yabomdabu njengenani elilingana nalabo okungebona abomdabu.
Incwadi esanda kushicilelwa: Izindlela Zomdabu Ezingxenyeni Ezingcwele Zemvelo: Culture, Ukubusa kanye nokongiwa, ihlelwe ngu: UJonathan Liljeblad noBas Verschuuren
Okukhombisa ifilosofi engenhla yincwadi enesihloko esithi Indigenous Perspectives on Sacred Natural Sites: Culture, Ukubusa kanye nokongiwa (2019, Routledge, UJonathan Liljeblad noBas Verschuuren, Eds.). Isisusa sencwadi ukwenza lula ukuzichaza kwababhali Bomdabu mayelana nezindlela zabo eziqondene nezindawo ezingcwele zemvelo. Uhlelo Lamagugu Omhlaba luye lwaqhubeka nohlelo eminyakeni yamuva nje ukuxhasa ukongiwa kwezindawo zemvelo ezingcwele, futhi le mizamo ihlanganise izindawo ezingcwele zemvelo zabantu bomdabu. Umsebenzi omningi oshicilelwe, Nokho, ikakhulu ivela kubalobi abangewona aboMdabu, futhi lokho kuholela ezimweni zochwepheshe abangebona Abomdabu ababhala ngamasiko aboMdabu kanye nokukhishwa kwamazwi aboMdabu ekucabangeni kwefa labo. Isihloko samasayithi angcwele sithwala imvelo ebucayi, ikakhulukazi ezimeni lapho kungumgogodla emasikweni aboMdabu ababebandlululwa ngokomlando. Ngomoya wokuxazulula umlando wesikhathi esedlule nokuthola ikusasa elithembisa ngokwengeziwe, lencwadi ihlose ukubeka amazwi aboMdabu eceleni komsebenzi okhona ongewona owomdabu ezindaweni ezingcwele zemvelo futhi ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ukucatshangelwa kule ndawo yokulondolozwa. Ababhali bakhuthaza eminye imizamo yokulandela imigomo efanayo futhi bamukela izingxoxo ngezindlela zokwenza lokho.
