Site
Ngasohlangothini olusenyakatho neNtshonalanga yesifunda saseGhorka eNepal kukhona isigodi saseTsum esifihliwe, uzungezwe iziqongo zezintaba ezihlaba umxhwele kubandakanya iziqongo zeNgula Dhabchhen (5093 m.a.s.l.) noThapla Pass (5104 m.a.s.l.). Kuyaziwa ngabantu bendawo njengendawo engcwele yezindela zayo eziningi, emihumeni engcwele nezindawo eziphefumula umoya. Indawo, etholakala ngaphakathi kweMafalu Conservation Area, ucebile ngokuhlukahluka kwamasiko kanye nokuphila. Kusukela 1920, isifunda esingaphezulu seTsum sivikelwe ngokusemthethweni abantu bendawo abangamaBuddha njenge Shyakya ("Indawo engadeli"), okusho ukuthi akuvunyelwe ukubulala izilwane lapho. Ngemuva kwemicimbi eminingi yasendaweni ehleliwe kusukela lapho 1972, Isifunda esiphansi saseTsum saphinde samenyezelwa njenge Shyakya in 2012.
Imephu yeTsum Valley etholakala ngaphakathi kweMafalu Area evikelwe
izinsongo
Ngesiko layo elinokuthula kanye nendlela yokuphila eqinile yendawo ezungezile, isigodi saseTsum sigciniwe kahle, futhi izinsongo zibonakala zikhona kuphela kude. Amanye amabhlog, Nokho, i-alamu ezinhlelweni zikahulumeni kazwelonke zokwakha umgwaqo ozodlula eduze kwesigodi saseTsum. Abantu bendawo besaba ukuthi bazosebenzisa amatshe ezikhumbuzo zakudala nokuthi ukusungulwa kwemigwaqo enjalo kuzoletha ubumpofu kunengcebo. Abanye abantu bendawo bamukela lezi zinhlelo, futhi uzibone njengethuba lokuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi emisha nentuthuko yezomnotho esifundeni.
Vision
Isiko lamaShyakya lokungabi nabudlova lingumbono ophakathi wesifunda. Ihlala ngemuva futhi ivezwe ngemikhosi nangezinye izinto lapho abantu bendawo befinyelela emphakathini wonke. Ukubulala izilwane, ngisho nezinhloso, akuvunyelwe, futhi ukuhweba ngenyama, iqoqo loju, noma umlilo umlilo ehlathini. Lo mbono wabantu baseTsum ube nomthelela ekusungulweni kombuso wokuvikelwa kwemvelo kahulumeni.
Action
IKomidi leZempilo leTsum lifinyelela ngenkuthalo ukufinyelela kubabukeli baseNepalese nabamazwe omhlaba ngemiboniso nangemikhosi ukukhulisa isimo sabo sokuthula. Ngokwenza kanjalo, zidonsela ukunaka izivakashi zomhlaba wonke ezingadalwa ukuthi zivakashele isigodi. Kuze kube manje, Abantu baseTsum bamukela izivakashi ngezandla ezivulekile futhi ukuba khona kwabo kubonakala njengethuba. Imicimbi emikhulu yamasiko ifaka iLasar, umkhosi wamahhashi wawugubha unyaka omusha ngoFebhuwari noS Saka Dawa, umgubho wokuphila kukaBuddha.
Policy and Law
Izinqubomgomo ezibalulekile zikahulumeni ezithinta isigodi saseTsum nguMthetho Kazwelonke Wokulondolozwa Kwezilwane Nezilwane zasendle (1973), ukumenyezelwa kwendawo yokuLondolozwa kweManaselu (1989) Umthethonqubo Wokulawulwa Kwendawo Yokulondolozwa (1996), Umthethonqubo wokuphatha we-Buffer Zone (1996) kanye nemihlahlandlela ye-Buffer Zone (1999).
Ukumenyezelwa kwendawo njengeShyakya ku 1920 umthetho wesiko obaluleke kunayo yonke, okubuye kwaqinisekiswa futhi futhi kwadlula ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Ukuzibophezela kwaphindwa ngokusemthethweni ku 1972, lapho isimemezelo sihunyushelwa olimini lwesiNepali ukuze izilaleli zibanzi.
Kuze kube manje, kube nokungafani phakathi kwemithetho yesintu nemikhuba nemithetho kahulumeni, kodwa kulokhu, lokhu akuholelanga ezinkingeni ezinkulu.
Isayensi yemvelo kanye nezinto eziphilayo
Indawo yaseManaselu Conservation Area isengozini eyi-Snow Leopard esengozini (I-Panthera ounce) okhuluma emcabangweni kodwa akuvamile ukuba ubhekwe endle. Le ndawo yakhiwe indawo enomoya opholile, indawo engaphansi kwe-alpine nendawo enezintaba. I 11 Izinhlobo zezinto zasekhaya ezihlala emahlathini ziqukethe ngaphezulu 2000 izinhlobo zezitshalo nendlu okungenani 32 Izinhlobo zezilwane ezincelisayo ezibandakanya inyamazane (Muschus sp.) kanye ne-Bharal (I-Pseudois nayaur), 110 zezinyoni, ezinye eziphindaphindayo nezinye izimvemvane.
abagcina
Isigodi saseTsum sihlalwa kabanzi ngezindelakazi nezindela futhi ngabantu baseTsum, bavikele indawo ngokwamasiko njengabagcini bendabuko. Imizana iholwa yizinhlobo ezimbili zabaholi. Izinqumo ngemisebenzi yezenkolo zithathwa amaLama wendawo. Ezinye izindaba zinqunywa yi UGhechen (izinga lesifunda) futhi IGhange (izinga lomphakathi) futhi bayabasekela Shyara. Okwesikhathi eside kukhunjulwa, laba bantu baphila impilo engenabo ubudlova. Ukubulala izilwane kubonakala njengesono, nokugawula izihlahla akwenziwa, noma kwenqatshelwe kokubizwa kanjalo Izinkinobho Amahlathi (“Amahlathi Ezindela”). Empeleni, izihlahla zivame ukugcinwa zihlanzekile ngoba abantu bendawo bakholelwa ukuthi kuhlalwa konkulunkulu. Ngenkathi abantu belandela imithetho ehambisana nokungabi nodlame ukuze balondoloze isimilo esingcwele sasesigodini, isijeziso sokwephula umthetho ongelona udlame osungulwe kulo 1920 ukukhanyisa 1000 amalambu at Rachen Gumba, isigodlo sendawo esidumile.
Abanye 15 amaGumbas amakhulu atholakala eStum Valley
Ukusebenza ndawonye
Uhulumeni waseNepal kanye nowama-NGO afana ne-Tsum Wellfare Committee, Isikhungo Somhlaba Sentuthuko Ehlanganisiwe Yezintaba (ICIMOD) kanye ne-Forest Action Nepal yeseka ukuvikela imvelo yendawo namasiko. Lokhu kwenzeka kakhulu ngemfundo, ezempilo kanye namathuba emisebenzi, kodwa futhi nangemibhalo yezindlela zabantu beTsum, ukuze bahlonishwe futhi baqondwe. Uhulumeni uyaqhubeka nokuvuma ukubukwa kwasendaweni, futhi njengamanje nabo babamba iqhaza ekusungulweni kwemikhuba yokuvikela yasendaweni ibe yimithetho.
amathuluzi Conservation
Ukuxoxisana nohulumeni, sisizwa ngabahumushi abaqeqeshiwe kukhethwa njengenqubo ebalulekile okufanele iqhubeke ukuthuthukiswa esifundeni sinokuthula futhi kusimame. Isibonelo ukuhambela kukandunankulu waseNepalese emkhosini weTsum Valley Shyakya ngenhloso yokuxhasa umyalezo wokungabi nodlame.
Abantu bendawo bayabonga kakhulu ukubona imfundo iyaqina, okusho ukuthi izingane zabo zingahlala esifundeni futhi zilungiselele ukuhlangana okuzayo nemiphakathi yesimanje.
Kusukela 2008, kukhona ukwanda kwezokuvakasha okuqhubekayo endaweni, lapho abantu beyizihambeli emizini yendawo. Lokhu kunikeza imisebenzi ethile yabantu bendawo futhi kunciphisa isidingo sokwakhiwa okwengeziwe kwezindawo zokuhlala izivakashi.
Imiphumela
Iqiniso lokuthi ukuthula nokuzwana kuyaqhubeka esigodini kungumphumela obaluleke kakhulu wesenzo sendabuko. Ukuqinisekiswa kabusha kwemithetho yeSyakya enhla neTsum kanye nomkhosi obehlelwe kuwo 2012 kuholele ekumenyezelweni kweTsum engezansi njengoShyakya omusha phakathi 2012. Ukuqashelwa kwamanani abo kusabalala ngokuya ngemisebenzi yama-NGOs ahlanganyelanayo anjenge-Great Himalayan Trail Preparatory Study yi-ICIMOD, nangokumelwa kwabo e-Asia Parks Congress ngoNovemba 2013.
Ukuphrinta ngonyawo lwekhulu le-12 likaBuddha iMilarepa ngaphakathi komhume waseMilarepa wayecabangisisa ngakho
(Umthombo: Jailab rai)
Iqembu lezivakashi ezingena eTsum vallye zisendleleni eqonda endaweni eyiLokpa eLower Tsum (Umthombo: Jailab rai)
UKani wamiswa esigodini saseChhekam eTsum engenhla (Umthombo: Jailab rai)
Amatshe anezinwele ezingcwele zakhiwa eChorten eduze komzana waseNayile phezulu kweTsum (Umthombo: Jailab rai)
I 1921 Isimemezelo siphinde saqinisekiswa ngokusayina ephepheni ngabantu abaseTsum ephezulu eShaka-Dawa pooja eRachen Gomba ngoMeyi 1970
Amaphuzu ayisishiyagalombili wesimemezelo (elihunyushwe ngesiNepali) kuvunyelwane ngabantu abaseTsum ephansi kuShyakya Festival ngo-Ephreli 2012 (Umthombo Nima Lama)
- URai Jailab, K. , Lama N. 2013. Indawo Yokulondolozwa Eyingcwele ye-Tsum e-Gorkha, Nepal. Iphepha lethulwe kwi-Asia Park Congress (APC) eSendai Japan ngoNovemba 2013.
- Rai, UJailab K., 2012b. I-Paradigm yokuGcina i-Biodiversity Conservation Paradigm kanye neNqubo Ethembisayo eNepal. In: UDahal, U-Uprety no-Acharya (Umculi) "Ukufunda ku-Anthropology kanye ne-Sociology yaseNepal". I-Society of Anthropology ne-Sociology yaseNepal (USASON), I-Kathmandu.PP, 330-330.
- UJana, S.; noSharma, Naya P., 2010. Ukuphinda Kutholwe Abantu Bomdabu Nezindawo Ezigcinwe Umphakathi (ICCAs) eNepal. I-ForestAction Nepal, Satdobato, Nepal.
- Rai, J., Lama N., Verschuuren, B. (2016). Okungafanele Valley Engcwele: Ukwenza ngcono ukulondolozwa kwezinto eziphilayo nge? izifundo zokulawulwa okusebenzayo kwezindawo ezivikelwe eNepal. In: In: Asian Sacred Amasayithi Natural: Ifilosofi Practice in Ezivikelwe futhi Conservation. Routledge, London. ?kk. 221-234.
- Rai, J., UJana, S. 2016. Umbono wezinto eziphilayo ngokwamukelwa nokusekelwa kwe ?izingosi zemvelo ezingcwele eNepal. In: Asian Sacred Amasayithi Natural: Ifilosofi Practice in Ezivikelwe futhi Conservation. Routledge, London.?kk. 81- 92.
- Indawo Yokulondolozwa Eyingcwele ye-Tsum e-Gorkha, Nepal. nguNina Lama noJailab Kumar Rai okokuqala kwi-Asia Parks Congress, Japan, 2013.
- Ukuphathwa Kwendawo Okuvikelwe kanye Nezimpilo zabantu bendabuko eNepal: Izinqubomgomo Nezindlela Zokuhlangana. nguJailab Kumar Rai okokuqala e-Asia Parks Congress, Japan, 2013.
