"Ngaphambi kwe 1991 eyinkimbinkimbi ngokuyinhloko wavakashela kuphela Pa'oh futhi ngokwezinga elikhulu sasishaywe lufihlekile izwe elikhulu, Kuye ngezinga osebenzisa ngalo ngisho Taunggyi wonkana was unaware of indawo yayo noma khona" - Liljeblad 2016.
incazelo Site
Kakku kuyinto ephawulekayo engcwele indawo yemvelo, izindlu okungenani 2478 pagodas futhi inani elikhulu engcwele Bodhi izihlahla. Itholakala ku Shan isimo eMyanmar, mpumalanga edolobheni Taunggyi. Abanye bathi ubandlululo elakhiwe ngayo njengendlu shrine ukudlula abafileyo. Abanye bathi Inkosi Alaung Sithu eyakhelwe isayithi njengendlela iphuzu yokuphumula emfuleni abahambi. Abanye kodwa ukubona indawo uyobhekwa njengonokuqonda izakhiwo ezinkulu ezingokomoya, ngokusekelwe ngezinkanyezi yayo. Zonke izindaba ukwabelana inhlonipho yabo okwamanje engcwele sendawo Bohdi isihlahla. Isayithi okwamanje ubhekene usongo kokuba kakhulu oshintshwa ezokuvakasha, into uhulumeni uzama ukushukumisa. Ukuze kuncishiswe le nqubo, lendawo gawbaka ekomidini kudala izindlela ukukhuthaza isiko lendawo kanye ukuqwashisa ingokomoya labo.
izinsongo
Izinsongo kuya eziphilayo esifundeni zihlanganisa ukuzingela ngokungalinganiseli nokuzingela okungekho emthethweni, asetshenziselwe ezolimo kwamahlathi yemvelo, izinguquko izindlela ukutshalwa, izindlela zokudoba elimazayo, ukwethulwa kwezinhlobo koda futhi ebuthaka komthetho ngokumelene imisebenzi engekho emthethweni ezifana ukuhweba izilwane zasendle.
Khonamanjalo, nendlela yokukhuthaza kwezomnotho njengokuhlosa nokumila ingcindezi futhi ngakhula ezokuvakasha drive imiphakathi yendawo ukuze ezivuna. Izibonelo Kakku kukhona ukusungulwa yamuva kwemigwaqo eqinile, ukuguqulwa ihlathi ipulazi, anda osayizi dolobhana futhi ukusungulwa yokupaka futhi yokudlela, konke elafika benane ngazo izilwane zasendle wendawo. Ngokwezazi zemivubukulo, the pagodas zisengozini nokwakha kabusha izinto ezimbi, okuyinto zidala umonakalo ku ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kepha umongo kwamasiko, abanye bama kwelokuthi ophathelene nesayithi Kakku njengoba lesikhumbuzo ukuze alondoloze kubukela umthamo abantu bendawo ukuba ibhekane kwemvelo kwamasiko, futhi detaches isiko lendawo kanye nesazisi kusuka kusayithi.
Vision
Kukhona ukungqubuzana eziwumgogodla lwemibono phakathi ohlelweni eziyiNgcebo Yomhlaba kanye ngokoqobo wahlala we Pa'oh abantu, ngokuphathelene nendlela ukubhala isayithi Kakku. I kazwelonke yokubhalisa ezingeni kanye nezincwadi lamanani wendawo uthambekela zamukele lwemibono globalizing kwengokomoya zomdabu. Siyazimelela amagugu kwemithombo yomdabu yemvelo kanye engama ivela, imibono ashukumisayo yamanani maqondana amasayithi zazo ezingcwele. It siphakamisa imibuzo ku onegunya, kutfola inshokutsi yemagama wesayithi yemvelo engcwele, futhi uma emkhakheni njalo indlela enhle kakhulu.
Action
I Pa'oh gawbaka Obonisa ukuphathwa Kakku, ligcine ukuphathwa indlela eqhubekayo maqondana Kakku ezihilela ukuhlola kwezimiso indawo nezinqubomgomo nokongiwa. Ilungelo labaqeqeshi gawbaka, Nokho, kungaphansi ilungiselelo ngokwethukela phakathi kukahulumeni kazwelonke nohulumeni isimo ne Pa'oh, kanye nohlobo lwamathekisthi leli lungiselelo ungase ushintshe njengoba Myanmar uyaqhubeka inguqulelo zaso zezombangazwe, okubandakanya ukuqhela ezingaba maqondana federalism nesikhonzi ukuqhela maqondana nemiphakathi yobuhlanga zomdabu.
Policy and Law
Njengoba-ke siyingxenye yezwe baseMyanmar, endaweni inebanga izilwane zasendle kanye nokuvikelwa epaki imithetho endaweni (Nokho ngaso sonke isikhathi iphoqelelwe kahle). Okunye okuqondile engxoxweni izindawo IUCN evikelwe futhi ICOMOS imihlahlandlela nakumasiko, ngoba kukhona legcile okwengeziwe nokuxhumana abantu bomdabu kusayithi, futhi sisebenzele ukufakwa okukhulu. ngempela, kwekuhlela kabusha yamuva sethule amagugu endawo zomdabu kanye ubuqiniso ekwenziweni kwenqubomgomo, kodwa ukuthambekela ukubhala futhi silungise imikhuba ethile kungenziwa nokukhawulela amasiko akhona futhi ivela.
Ecology Biodiversity
Myanmar liyingxenye Indo-Burma izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo-hotspot ephathekayo, ukufukamela amaningi enyakatho naseningizimu zezinto eziphilayo ngamakhasimende ephasishi simiso semvelo. Kakku iseduze eziningana inyoni futhi nezindawo zokulondoloza imvelo. Eliseduze Inle Sitete Bird Sanctuary, Ngokwesibonelo, izindlu 345 zezinyoni, 59 zinhlobo inhlanzi, mayelana amathathu ezihuquzelayo nezilwane eziphila ezweni futhi mayelana 184 orchid. Liphinde okusolakala ukuthi isidleke njengekati elisengozini Sarus crane (Grus Antigone). I Bodhi isihlahla (ficus zenkolo) iyona nezitshalo ezibaluleke kakhulu enenani zenkolo, njengoba kuthiwa Buddha attained ukukhanyiselwa ngaphansi kwaso. Izingxenye zalo asetshenziswa ngokumelene mayelana 50 izifo.
abagcina
Abantu bendawo Pa'oh abathi ngumnikazi we Kakku mbhoshongo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Banesimiso ikomidi eliqokwe, the gawbaka, abanomthwalo negunya ukuthi baphathe isayithi. Nakuba isayithi sibalulekile eqinile Buddhist, batawufundza futsi basho lokuhle ke futhi unencazelo engokomoya nengokomzwelo abakuwo kokholelwa emimoyeni inkolo, okuyinto ubona umhlaba njengoba isizinda nat noma imimoya. I Pa'oh abantu bathuthela le site emhlabeni 10th A.D ekhulwini. Babephathana isayithi njengendlela ukuhlangana iphuzu emikhosini yaminyaka yonke futhi ukuveza amasiko wabelane, amagugu kanye nezincazelo.
kwamiswa I gawbaka usakhiwa komgwaqo ukuze Kakku. Ine 47 amalungu aqokwe indela wangaphambili futhi umholi wezombangazwe U-Aung Kham Hti, okusekelwe iziqu zenkolo. Izinqumo zenziwa uma kuvunyelwana isisekelo phakathi nemihlangano njalo ngenyanga. Priority ibekwe ikakhulu ukubaluleka kwamasiko nenkolo ka isayithi ye Pa'oh abantu, abaqhubeka ukusebenzisa njengelungelo site ngenjongo yokukhulekela, ikakhulukazi phakathi Pa'oh amaholide ngo-March nango-November.
"Ngenkathi gawbaka ungibelesela ngokuthi Kakku alilona ibhizinisi nokuthi ugwema ezokuvakasha, ikomidi kubonakala ziye zasabela ukuthuthukiswa ingcindezi ... ... Umphumela uye waba evulekile izimila nezilwane ohambisana, ukwanda esizilahlayo, futhi ukwanda zenzakalo ezihilela izivakashi yokwephula imicikilisho yokusebenzelana engcwele kanye nemithetho."
- Liljeblad 2016.
Ukusebenza ndawonye
I gawbaka Isebenza kanye uhla izinhlangano zikahulumeni kanye netinhlangano letingekho ngaphasi kwahulumende, kuhlanganise iqembu lezombusazwe PNO, eMyanmar Uhulumeni, izinhlangano angaphandle, abanikeli yangasese, abakhulekeli nezinye izivakashi. ekhathazeke governmental organisations 'ukwenza ngcono izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho eMyanmar, futhi zithuthukisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zasemakhaya kuhlanganise embonini yezokuvakasha. ngempela, the gawbaka uyavuma izinzuzo intuthuko enjalo.
amathuluzi Conservation
Ukonga emagugu emasiko ka Kakku, the gawbaka ekomidini ikhuphukile ukuphepha ukuqapha isivakashi ukuziphatha. Akhuthaza izindela ukukhumbuza izivakashi imithetho yenkolo eziphathelene nokukhulekela. Izivakashi ukusetshenziswa indawo khaphi azifundise mayelana nokuziphatha ezifanele kule ndawo. Le mizamo ukukhuthaza Pa'oh isiko nezingokomoya imikhuba, kodwa kungukuthi ikakhulukazi igxile nature nokongiwa.
Imiphumela
I gawbaka babe nomuzwa wokuthi bayazazi kuze kube manje baye bakwazi ukulondoloza uhlamvu engcwele Kakku, ikakhulukazi maqondana ukuziphatha izivakashi zakwamanye amazwe. Kunjalo, Nokho, ukhathazekile ekuphathweni Kakku e naphezu kwemizamo ukukhuthaza ezokuvakasha mkhulu futhi nentuthuko yezenhlalo nezomnotho, womabili kuzokhulisa ingcindezi imvelo kanye pagodas at Kakku.
"Imihlangano kanye gawbaka abonisa ukungaqiniseki abanye mayelana umsuka Kakku ... ... Ngenxa indawo engokomoya, bona wazi ukuthi ngaphakathi isiko Pa'oh site ngokwayo anehlathululo ngaphandle Buddhism, kanye nezwe wazibona njengoba isizinda nat, noma imimoya Pa'oh kokholelwa emimoyeni izinkolelo" - Liljeblad 2016.
I cishe ukephi nendawo ka Kakku e mpumalanga Taunggyi eSifundazweni SaseShan eMyanmar. (Umthombo: amabalazwe D iguqulwe ngu Bas Verschuuren.)
ikhekhe, eduze. Umhlabathi wayedabuka ukungcola kanye stupas abangu bawa, kodwa emashumini eminyaka ambalwa edlule ngaphansi gawbaka bomhlaba base kwavula phezu akhiwe ngezitini futhi ngayinye stupas uye walungiswa ngu abazinikezele usebenzisa izinto ezahlukene.
(Umthombo: Marc Veraart.)
- Aung. Isimo UKongiwa kweMvelo eMyanmar. Isethulo ngoba CBD.
- Liljeblad, Jonathan. (2016) I Pa'oh sika nokuBusa Uhlelo Kakku: Imithelela Heritage Conservation kusukela eBurma / Myanmar, Bas Verschuuren futhi Naoya Furuta (Eds.), Asian Sacred Amasayithi Natural: Ifilosofi Practice in Ezivikelwe futhi Conservation. Routledge.
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Contact:
Jonathan Liljeblad
lomfundisi Lesiphakeme, Law School
Swinburne University of Technology
H25 P.O.. ibhokisi 218
hawthorn, Victoria 3122 Australia
