[sikanhlokweni: imvume kusukela Geoff Cloake]

Ukuqashelwa ukuthi izinhlangano "nezinye kunokuba abantu" babe nobuntu zomthetho kungabonwa njengenhlangano abasafufusa Paradigm eco-abangokomoya emhlabeni wonke. Okuwukuphela kwesizathu esenza amaRoma owethulwa jus Gentium okuyinto isisekelo nekutfutfuka kwelizinga "trust zomphakathi" futhi "umuntu ngokomthetho". Amasayithi amaningi engcwele yemvelo (SNS) zinezikhathi njengoba izindawo biodiverse eziye amiswa ngenxa Ukuvikelwa isiko in umongo zobulwane izinkolelo kunokuba a 'isimiso sokuziphatha nokongiwa'. Ngokwazi abantu abaningi bomdabu wendawo ukhathazekile, the amandla kuhlale ukuthi futhi enspirit SNSs kakhulu kukhona "umuntu ngokomthetho" kukho konke kodwa igama, kanye amandla sihlanganyele "zokubusa okungokomoya" (Studley futhi Awang 2016). Lesi sihloko libuyekeza umlando yamuva kulesi sihloko.

Ukuhlonishwa nezinye kunokuba abantu nezinhlangano njengoba umuntu ngokomthetho
Umthetho wamaRoma neyaziwayo kokubili abantu yemvelo kanye umuntu eqanjiwe, eyayibonakala kamuva eyaziwa ngokuthi “umuntu ngokomthetho” (Gierke 1868). abantu Natural lisetshenziselwa ubheke nawabantu abanale amalungelo athile angokomthetho ngokuzenzakalelayo phezu lokuzalwa, okuyinto ukwandisa njengoba ingane isingumuntu omdala. Ngokuphambene umuntu osemthethweni noma ngokomthetho libhekisela ngokuvamile inhlangano noma kuncike zomthetho ukuthi akuyona isidalwa esingumuntu, kodwa omunye yizinto ezenza umphakathi uye wanquma ukuqaphela njengoba “isihloko amalungelo” nezibopho (Sohm 1892;Shelton 2015). Esimeni semakhaya enspirited SNS (uhlalwe amandla) umqondo kungase kangcono ebhekisela izincwadi "nezinye kunokuba abantu ngabantu" (Hallowell 2002), "animism entsha" (Harvey 2006 ikhasi 3) futhi “nakho kwezomthetho izinhlangano animated” (Petrazycki 2011).

imizamo ehlukahlukene mayelana nokuyilona kusukela ezikhathini Roman ngoba ngokwesihe siqashelwe ngokomthetho kwamanye kunokuba abantu abantu (OTHP).

In isihloko kwesidoda, 'Kufanele Izihlahla Yibani Standing?', Stone (1976) waqokomisa absurdities lokunikezelwa ubuntu zomthetho izinhlangano kanye nemikhumbi kodwa hhayi izilwane, izihlahla, emifuleni kanye nemvelo. Wagomela ngoba bhunga ubuntu zomthetho kanye namalungelo emvelweni ngoba, njengoba amalungelo-umnikazi, into yemvelo obungenza:

“abe elibiza eqashelwa ngokomthetho futhi isithunzi sakhe esifanele ayo, hhayi nje njengendlela ukuzuza 'nathi'….”

emisha Stone kwakungu ukuphakamisa ukuthi izithakazelo nemvelo kumele amelwe (enkantolo) ngumuntu umnakekeli nokuthi umthwalo wokuveza ubufakazi kufanele ahlale phezu iqembu eliye kusolakala kubeka engcupheni semvelo noma umzimba.

imibono Stone sika benanela ayebatshele zona ezenziwe Elikhulu uWilliam O. Douglas phikisana e-mlando kwemvelo umthetho icala Sierra Club v. Morton 1972 ukuthi izinto zemvelo kwakufanele emi zibophe enkantolo ngoba:

"Contemporary ezikhathaza umphakathi lokuzivikela yakhoibrium yemvelo emvelweni kufanele eziholela conferral ka zimi izinto zemvelo zicele ukulondolozwa yabo .. " (Supreme Court US 1972)

Kusukela ngonyaka ka-Stone namazwana Douglas sika, ezintsha ezihlukahlukene emthethweni aye ezivumelekile nomqondo ngabantu osemthethweni enwetshiwe.

Eqaphela Mother Earth noma Pachamama njengoba umuntu oyisazimthetho
In 2008, Ecuador yaba izwe lokuqala emhlabeni ukuba bamemeze sisekelo wayo kutsi imvelo umuntu wezomthetho. Izihloko 10 futhi 71-74 soMthethosisekelo we Ecuador yesiBethamthetho seNarha 2008; ukuqaphela amalungelo inalienable kweMvelo, ukunika abantu igunya banxuse phezu ngenxa kweMvelo, futhi kudinga uhulumeni ukulungisa ukwephulwa kwamalungelo yemvelo (Republic of Ecuador 2011)

Bolivia balandela Ecuador 2009 ngokunikeza efanayo Ukuvikelwa yoMthethosisekelo ukuze zemvelo eyayibonakala kuchitshiyelwe 2010 (Assembly Legislative Bolivia 2010). Lezi zichibiyelo ngobutjha enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi ezwe njengesihogo “izibusiso”, esungulwe amalungelo entsha imvelo kanye nokuqokwa uMehluleli ukuvikela noma ukumela Izingqungulu Zomhlaba.

Izinguquko ngokomthethosisekelo okwenziwa Bolivia futhi Ecuador kuholele "Pachamama ukunyakaza" ukuthi liye lasakazekela-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara, Australia, Canada, India, Nepal, E-New Zealand, UK kanye USA futhi "Ngokuvumelana nge Nature" izinqumo ku-UN (2009 2016 2015). Imizamo kuye kwenziwa ukuze uvikele iSimemezelo Somhlaba kwamaLungelo Mother Earth-UN kodwa lezi bekungakabhekwana kungafiki kuze kube manje (Weston futhi Bollier 2013).

Ukuqaphela isimiso semvelo njengoba umuntu ngokomthetho
Nakuba Stone futhi Douglas babeka isisekelo "isimiso semvelo" ukuba babe umuntu ngokomthetho, kwaba uhulumeni New Zealand ukuthi elihunyushwe mpendulo ku Praxis, lapho kwethulwa umthetho owawuhlanganisa simiso semvelo.

In 2014, New Zealand kwaba yizwe lokuqala emhlabeni ukungabe usaziphilela esisemthethweni we Park Ipaki kazwelonke ngaphansi Aegis we Te Urewera Mthetho 2014 futhi simemezele endaweni aziwa wendawo Tuhoe njengoba Te Urewera, umuntu ngokomthetho (I-New Zealand ePhalamende Iseluleko Office 2014).

Ngabantu kusho ukuthi kumangala ukuvikela umhlaba (Te Urewera) lungenzeka egameni izwe ngokwalo, obviating ngesidingo sokubonisa umonakalo kumuntu. Inhlangano elisha elingokomthetho manje elawulwa Te Urewera IBhodi okuyindawo ehlanganisa ngokuhlanganyela Tuhoe futhi Umqhele ubulungu abenza amandla ukufaka kumangala egameni Te Urewera futhi "ukuze enze egameni lomuntu, futhi igama, Te Urewera” futhi “ukuhlinzekela lokubusa Te Urewera” (I-New Zealand ePhalamende Iseluleko Office 2014).

IBhodi kumele ibhekelele izinto Tuhoe "ingokomoya" futhi ngiveze indlela Tuhoetanga (ungubani Tuhoe namasiko) kanye imiqondo Tuhoe asisekelo nurturance, okungukuthi: lokho (igunya, ungubani), Mauri (amandla okuphila), unogada (ababheki okungokomoya), okusho (isiko), wemvelo oyisi- (imihlahlandlela nomphakathi), uphawu (izimpawu kanye amasignali), ngesenzo (ngobungcwele), utshani (isivikelo nomphakathi), futhi inqolobane (ukuvinjelwa yesikhashana) (I-New Zealand ePhalamende Iseluleko Office 2014).

New Zealand walandelisa ngokumemezela ukuthi Umfula Whanganui kwaba umuntu ngokomthetho ngemva 170 iminyaka ezinkantolo kusukela Maori (Pearlman 2017). I-House of Abamele bephumelele Wena Awa-Google (Whanganui River Izimangalo Settlement) Bill ngesikhathi sokufunda lwesithathu 15 Mashi 2017 (Ketha Izindaba 2017). Umthetho wasungula uhlaka elisha elingokomthetho eMfuleni Whanganui (noma Wena Awa-Google) predicated iqoqo lihamba phambili “amanani eziwumgogodla,” noma puriynin Coffee (New Zealand Uhulumeni 2016).

Ngaphezu kwalokho ngendlela "sisho amazwi asemqoka" (isheduli 8) ukuqashelwa futhi unikezwa kuya numina noma unogada (Jenkins et al 2016) abahlala ngayinye 240 plus Rapids (roll) eMfuleni Whanganui futhi ahlobene esihlukile omuncu (sub-isizwe):

"Onogada ukunikeza Insight, isiqondiso, futhi umbono maqondana nezindaba ezithinta River Whanganui, izinsiza izimpiko zaso nokuphila jikelele kanye abuyisele hapu (isevisi) the kaitiaki isiqondiso ngezikhathi zenjabulo, yithemba, noma ukungaqiniseki bacele isiqondiso nokuqondisisa bazondle ".

Umthetho uhlinzekela ezimbili Wena Tower Google noma ababheki esimisiwe ngokuhlanganyela kusuka ukukhethwa okwenziwe ngu iwi (Maori ukuhlanganyela zezizwe) abanezifiso eMfuleni Whanganui kanye Umqhele. indima yabo iwukuba "act futhi ukukhuluma egameni Te Awa Tupua ... futhi uvikele impilo nenhlalakahle emfuleni " (New Zealand Uhulumeni 2016).

Use 20^th Mashi 2017, eNkantolo eNkulu Uttarakhand e elikhipha yabo ngesikhathi Salim v State Uttarakhand Nabanye 2017 lamemezela ukuthi:

"Ganga futhi Yamuna Imifula yonke yabo (115) nemingenela nemifudlana .... kukhona umuntu ngokomthetho nge wonke amalungelo okuhambisanayo imisebenzi kanye nezinkinga zalowo umuntu ophilayo " (INkantolo eNkulu Uttarakhand 2017a)

isinqumo senkantolo kwakudingekile ngoba kokubili imifula "ukulahlekelwa khona kwabo nje kukodwa"Futhi bobabili"kungcwele futhi ohlonishwayo futhi bengamele onkulunkulukazi " ("Ganga Maa"Futhi"Yamuna") (INkantolo eNkulu Uttarakhand 2017a)

Inkantolo esimisiwe 3 izikhulu ukwenza abagcina umthetho obhekene ngokulondoloza nokuvikela imifula nemingenela yabo futhi yayala nebhodi labaphathi wawuyomiswa kungakapheli izinyanga ezintathu.

Enezela ukwahlulela kwabo odlule (ka 20 Mashi 2017), eNkantolo eNkulu Uttarakhand kabusha zahlola odlule (kwehlulekile) sicelosikhalo okungukuthi Miglani v State Uttarakhand Nabanye futhi kuvezwe 31 Mashi 2017 ukuthi, iGanges ne-ecosystem yayo zaseHimalaya babe umuntu ngokomthetho. Ngokungafani ukwahlulela ngaphambili, inkantolo yaqaphela indima nezinye izifundazwe riparian (ngaphansi Aegis of komkhandlu inter-state), ukubandakanya umphakathi ekuthathweni kwezinqumo kanye ukubaluleka kuyoshaya ngabantu ngokomthetho kuya zaseHimalaya ecosystem. it esimisiwe 6 izikhulu zikahulumeni ukwenza njenge abantu mathupha Kwabazali izici zokuma kwezwe State Uttarakhand futhi ebavumela co-ukhetho abamele wendawo eziyisikhombisa (INkantolo eNkulu Uttarakhand 2017b).

Isahlulelo ucaphuna kaningi encwadini "Imfihlo abode Fireflies" (Singh 2009) okuyinto kugcizelela ubungcwele ezintabeni (njengoba abode onkulunkulu), ngobungcwele izihlahla ezithile Indian kanye izitshalo, futhi ugcizelela "amalungelo imvelo".

Use 2^{d bilan} May 2017 kwathiwa umphakathi umemezele Isimo sezulu ukuthi inkantolo lomthethosisekelo Colombia kwadingeka limenyezelwe ukuthi Atrato River Basin kwaba “isihloko amalungelo” (i.e. umuntu oyisazimthetho) futhi ezazifanelwe ukuvikelwa ngokukhethekile ngokomthethosisekelo (ABColombia 2017). Inkantolo ngokuthi isimo ukuvikela, yavuselela emfuleni nemingenela yayo. Isimo elinikwe 6 izinyanga ukuze kuqedwe izimayini emthethweni futhi uqale ukuzakhela ukufa emfuleni (mercury) futhi reforest izindawo ehlaselwe izimayini emthethweni (44,000anakho). INkantolo yeMantshi yaseKapa iphinde ngaphambilini uhulumeni kazwelonke ukuzivocavoca sivikelwe zomthetho futhi umfanekiso wanoma amalungelo emfuleni kanye nemiphakathi yobuhlanga zomdabu, ikakhulukazi Emberas, ukuthi bukhoma Atrato emfuleni umcengezi e Choco. Sethemba umthetho kuzovumela Emberas ukuze uvikele ukuma kanye nokuvikeleka ezinye zazo jaikatuma noma ezintabeni umoya (JusticiayPas 2009) nokusiza ukuvikela eziyishumi Engcwele Amasayithi Yemvelo (noma SNS) e Choco (engenazo CRIC ; Oia engenazo).

Iqembu i-African Commission on Human Rights Abantu ' (ACHPR) ukuxazululwa (8-22 May 2017) ukuze "ukuvikela Engcwele Yemvelo Amasayithi Territories ". Lokhu kwaba ephendula Ukuhanjiswa (29 Mashi 2016) kusukela ABN futhi GF ngoba "ucingo sokuqashelwa ngokomthetho SNS nezindawo kanye nokubusa izinhlelo zabo wesintfu". ikholi, Nokho, waba predicated ku "Umhlaba Jurisprudence" (Cullinan 2015) ngaphansi Aegis we pantheistic/panentheistic inkambiso yalelozwe (berry 1996, Harding 2007, Lovelock 1979) kunokukhanya zobulwane inkambiso yalelozwe abavamile abantu abaningi bomdabu ngubani ukuvikela SNS (Studley 2014)

Ngenxa entshonalanga "juridicalization" kubonakala sengathi abanye kunokuba abantu abantu kufanele "bafakwe kwesiyingi izifundo zomthetho ukuze asinde" (Stavru 2016). Bobabili jurists futhi izazi zemvelaphi nenhlalo yabantu zomthetho (Malinowski 1926) zokwelapha ngaphandle ngabantu ngokomthetho ezifana "ubudlelwano kwezomthetho izinhlangano animated" baye basikisela (Petrazycki 2011) nokuthi izinhlangano ngokomthetho kumele endaweni echaziwe (ngu emimoyeni kuleli cala) kunokuba yinkantolo noma uhulumeni (Bohannan 1957) noma umthetho entshonalanga (Deva 2005,Sawmveli 2016) noma pantheists Gaian (berry 1996,Harding 2007,Lovelock 1979). it may, Nokho, kube lula ngabantu bomdabu ukuze uvikele Ukuvikelwa kanye nokuma (Locus standi) I-SNS zabo by co-kokukhetha ulimi alien wezomthetho ngabantu osemthethweni futhi afake ngayo zomdabu (zobulwane) okusho (Cajete 2000).

Nakuba engasho lutho zihlukile, iningi labantu zomdabu abahlala abaseduze SNS (Studley 2014) ukwamukela ezinye kunokuba abantu ngabantu, isipiliyoni ngamasiko ethize ubudlelwano kwezomthetho enspirited izinhlangano predicated ku reciprocity nezivumelwano, futhi bavame ukucela numina zabo, ngaleyo ndlela amandla ukuba babonise nokubusa ongokomoya phezu SNS zabo.

Okwamanje amaningi SNS sika etindzaweni yabantu bomdabu ahunyushwa ngokuthi "engabonakali" emehlweni nezinhlangano ezifana IUCN futhi Bomdabu kanye Community alondolozwe Izindawo (ICCAs) ngoba ephethwe futhi zibuswa nezinye kunokuba abantu abantu. Ngokuqaphela SNS sika njengoba umuntu ngokomthetho nge emi predicated ekubuseni ezingozini ezingokomoya ngokusihlomisa ngesikudingayo OTHP sethemba ukuthi "izikali ziyokuwa emehlweni"Omphakathi nokongiwa okuholela nokuqashelwa kwabo njengenhlangano esemthethweni ngamazwe nokuvikelwa wendawo.

Kule minyaka engu- 100 iminyaka, Izinkantolo zakwamanye India baye baqaphela ukuthi izithombe, onkulunkulu bamanga futhi temples umuntu ngokomthetho futhi kule minyaka eyishumi edlule lokhu siye sakhula umama emhlabeni, “uhlobo”, emifuleni kanye nemvelo. Njengoba sazi ukuthi thwa sasiyosetshenziswa usumisiwe, ngokuqinisekile isikhathi kabusha uhlamvu lwemali futhi ubuyekeze Stone (1975) njengoba ibonakala "kungazwakali unike ubuntu zomthetho " emathempelini, izithombe, onkulunkulu bamanga, emifuleni, izintaba, amahlathi, izimfunda, futhi emoyeni kodwa hhayi izilwane noma enspirited SNS ngokuphelela kwazo!