موقع
وتوجد شبكة من المواقع الطبيعية المقدسة في Zarori, وهي منطقة في المناطق الجبلية من شمال غرب اليونان. هذه هي الغابات الواقية أو بساتين على سفوح الجبال فوق القرى أو مجموعات من أشجار المخضرم حول المصليات. وقد فسرت أسس الروحية وصيانة كوسيلة لإدارة الموارد المحلية والنظم الإيكولوجية من خلال قواعد الدينية. Sacred trees and groves have been associated with taboos about tree cutting, for example relating to supernatural punishments. في الماضي, these locally adapted management systems regulated the use of ecosystem services by the community. They also served as a last resort in times of need or as a protection for the villages against natural hazards.
وتوجد شبكة من المواقع الطبيعية المقدسة في Zarori, وهي منطقة في المناطق الجبلية من شمال غرب اليونان. هذه هي الغابات الواقية أو بساتين على سفوح الجبال فوق القرى أو مجموعات من أشجار المخضرم حول المصليات. وقد فسرت أسس الروحية وصيانة كوسيلة لإدارة الموارد المحلية والنظم الإيكولوجية من خلال قواعد الدينية. Sacred trees and groves have been associated with taboos about tree cutting, for example relating to supernatural punishments. في الماضي, these locally adapted management systems regulated the use of ecosystem services by the community. They also served as a last resort in times of need or as a protection for the villages against natural hazards.
حالة
هدد; تزايد التهديد(ق), may become endangered in the future, potential for significant loss exists.
هدد; تزايد التهديد(ق), may become endangered in the future, potential for significant loss exists.
تهديدات
During the 20th century and especially after the Second World War, changing patterns of land use and population decline have had a dramatic effect on the social structure, management practices and cultural landscapes of rural Greece. The collapse of local management systems was due to the coming of modernization and the indifference of centralized authorities. It has caused sacred groves to be degraded and threatened wherever they posed a conflict with modern demands. Despite this, sacred areas continue to be respected by local communities and they still constitute an important part of the older generation’s identity.
During the 20th century and especially after the Second World War, changing patterns of land use and population decline have had a dramatic effect on the social structure, management practices and cultural landscapes of rural Greece. The collapse of local management systems was due to the coming of modernization and the indifference of centralized authorities. It has caused sacred groves to be degraded and threatened wherever they posed a conflict with modern demands. Despite this, sacred areas continue to be respected by local communities and they still constitute an important part of the older generation’s identity.
المؤتمنين
ويجري النظر أقدس المواقع في المنطقة بعد من قبل السكان المحليين. In the past Zarori was inhabited by the Zagorians who founded the villages and the linguistically distinct Vlachs. Pastoral transhuman Sarakatsani but also Gypsies and other migrants who were employed as labourers frequented the area. Shared traumas and population decline, especially in the 20th century, have eroded ethnic distinctions and today the “Zagorian” appellation incorporates all ethnic groups into an emerging identity defined by Zagori as a place of origin or habitation.
جميع سكانها هم المسيحيين الأرثوذكس. المعتقدات حول الأشجار المقدسة وبساتين هي, لكن, يرتبط في المقام الأول مع أفكار ما قبل المسيحية. Mature trees for example, are seen as demonic creatures or as haunted by such beings and can thus damage those who try to harm them. Such local beliefs are either reinterpreted in the prevailing religion or coexist informally with it.
رؤية
في الوقت الحاضر المحرمات ويتلاشى مع الجيل القديم. ولكن تم عناصر هذه المحرمات المحافظة عليه من خلال احترام التاريخ والمجتمع والتقاليد. Our vision is that the Sacred Natural Sites are recognized as places of spiritual and historical value for the younger generations. We aim for that their cultural, aesthetic and ecological qualities are preserved and managed in an adequate way.
Chapel dedicated to Transfiguration/ Metamorphosis of Christ and its associated belfry oak (one of the ten largests in diameter of the 327 surveyed) in Vitsa.
(©Kalliopi Stara, 9/2006.)
التحالف
Sacred groves are little-known, even in modern Greece. The effort to survey them in Zagori started in 2003 واستمر منذ ذلك بدعم مالي من مختلف برامج وزارة البيئة اليونانية والاتحاد الأوروبي. The University of Ioannina (UOI) has been involved since 2005. A new interdisciplinary project based at UOI “Conservation through Religion: the Sacred Groves of Epirus” (“SAGE”, 2012-2015) aims to study their biocultural value in the context of effective conservation. ما مجموعه 38 سوف تشارك العلماء الاجتماعية والطبيعية من اليونان والخارج. The local community has shown mainly positive interest in these efforts.
Sacred groves are little-known, even in modern Greece. The effort to survey them in Zagori started in 2003 واستمر منذ ذلك بدعم مالي من مختلف برامج وزارة البيئة اليونانية والاتحاد الأوروبي. The University of Ioannina (UOI) has been involved since 2005. A new interdisciplinary project based at UOI “Conservation through Religion: the Sacred Groves of Epirus” (“SAGE”, 2012-2015) aims to study their biocultural value in the context of effective conservation. ما مجموعه 38 سوف تشارك العلماء الاجتماعية والطبيعية من اليونان والخارج. The local community has shown mainly positive interest in these efforts.
"Our religion is alive. I have seen Agia Paraskevi. She was shouting. I was a child of 16 سنوات, late afternoon, it was raining. I was passing by above the monastery. And under the monastery some villagers had removed fallen tree branches from her Sacred Grove. And she was shouting: “Ei, ei” and the people left the wood and run away. I entered the church, nobody was inside. I made my cross and I continue my way. Evidently I have heard her." - Dimitris Paparounas (Resident in Ano Pedina village, interviewed in 18/9/2006.)
Giannis Vakamis studing the questionnaire and trees’ voucher specimens used in the ethnographic surveys of 2006-2007. السيد. G. Vakamis from Koukouli village was one of the key informants of our studies and his contribution was very valuable.
(©Kalliopi Stara, 9/2006.)
عمل
على الصعيد الإقليمي, المحاضرات العامة, تم النشر في المجلات المحلية والعمل على المخضرم-الأشجار تجري إدارة. هذه الأنشطة تهدف إلى رفع مستوى الوعي العام حول المواقع الطبيعية المقدسة والأشجار المخضرم. تستجيب الجمعيات الثقافية المحلية بشكل إيجابي للغاية لهذه الأفكار ويتم التخطيط لمزيد من الأحداث في المستقبل القريب.
على الصعيد الإقليمي, المحاضرات العامة, تم النشر في المجلات المحلية والعمل على المخضرم-الأشجار تجري إدارة. هذه الأنشطة تهدف إلى رفع مستوى الوعي العام حول المواقع الطبيعية المقدسة والأشجار المخضرم. تستجيب الجمعيات الثقافية المحلية بشكل إيجابي للغاية لهذه الأفكار ويتم التخطيط لمزيد من الأحداث في المستقبل القريب.
Scientific work at a national and international level continues though participation in conferences, academic publications and cooperation with international Working Groups such as the IUCN (WCPA Cultural and Spiritual Values of Protected Areas Specialist Group) or the ديلوس مبادرة.
حفظ الأدوات
منذ 2000, participatory techniques invented by social scientists, ethnobotanists and field ecologists have been used for the survey and mapping of Zagori’s sacred groves. 173 locals have participated in these studies. Most informants were older people. In the summer of 2009 1 photographic exhibition by Andre Bakker drew attention to the issue. These approaches are currently extended through the SAGE program, for example the survey of the biodiversity of the SNS, focusing on specific taxonomic groups (flora, الطيور, bats, lichens, fungi, insects).
منذ 2000, participatory techniques invented by social scientists, ethnobotanists and field ecologists have been used for the survey and mapping of Zagori’s sacred groves. 173 locals have participated in these studies. Most informants were older people. In the summer of 2009 1 photographic exhibition by Andre Bakker drew attention to the issue. These approaches are currently extended through the SAGE program, for example the survey of the biodiversity of the SNS, focusing on specific taxonomic groups (flora, الطيور, bats, lichens, fungi, insects).
السياسة والقانون
Sacred groves in Greece, as in many other countries of the world form a largely unrecognized “shadow” conservation network. On the institutional level the Greek legislation, protects only 51 Natural Monuments concerning individual trees or groves with particular botanical, بيئي, الجمالية, historical or cultural value. This leaves at least 99 % of the Greek Sacred Natural Sites officially unprotected. These monuments were declared as protected between 1972 و 1986, under the N.D. 86/1969 of the Forest Law, but because of changes in institutional level and the slow bureaucratic mechanism, any declaration of a Natural Monument faces long delays.
النتائج
As a result of the ethnographic research, surveys and presentations many local representatives of villages’ cultural associations have approached this initiative asking for ways of increasing awareness and protection of the Sacred Natural Sites of their area. People also ask for practical advice to manage adequately the sacred veteran trees of their villages.
As a result of the ethnographic research, surveys and presentations many local representatives of villages’ cultural associations have approached this initiative asking for ways of increasing awareness and protection of the Sacred Natural Sites of their area. People also ask for practical advice to manage adequately the sacred veteran trees of their villages.
"In the past many people used to dedicate fields and vineyards to the Church. The old ladies who used to go to help in cultivation digging the vineyards were saying: “Shake your shoes so as not to take the sacred land with you”. Even the soil they did not want to take …That was respect, now the respect has gone." - †Athina Vlastou (1922-2010), resident in Dilofo village, interviewed in 10/7/2006.
موارد
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